History of Cirebon

Originally Cirebon city is in the 14th century on the northern coast of West Java there is a small fishing village called Estuary Teak, located on the hillside Amparan Teak. Teak Estuary is a small fishing port. Galuh monarch who Rajagaluh capital as officials put a harbor or port authorities Ki Gedeng Tapa. Teak Muara harbor many merchant ships flown outside of which the Chinese ships came to trade with the locals, which is perdagangkannya salt, agricultural and shrimp paste.Then Ki Gendeng Reed lemahwungkuk establish a settlement in which it is located approximately 5 miles, to the south of the estuary Teak. Since many merchants and foreign merchants as well as from other regions daer5ah living and settled in the area called Caruban meaning later changed Cerbon mixture became Cirebon until now.Pajajaran Prabu Raja Ki Gede Siliwanggi appoint Reed as head of the new settlement with a degree Kuwu Cerbon. Regions that are under the supervision of Kuwu was limited by time Cipamali in the east, Cigugur (Brass) in the south, the mountains to the west and Kromong Junti (Indramayu) to the north.After Ki Gedeng Reed died later replaced by a law called Walangsungsang son of King Siliwanggi Pajajaran. Walangsungsang designated and appointed the title of Duke of Carbon Cakrabumi. Obligation is to bring tribute to the king in the capital Rajagaluh shaped crops, but after feeling strong delivery negates tribute, consequently king sent an army, but Cakrabumi successfully defended.Then Cakrabumi proclaimed its independence and established the kingdom of Cirebon with mamakai Cakrabuana title. Because Cakrabuana had converted to Islam and his administration have marked the beginning of the Islamic empire empire Cirebon, but still no connection with Pajajaran Hindu kingdom.Since then, the small port of Muara Jati be large, due to increased traffic from and towards inland, selling local inland as far as Southeast Asia. From this initial set of Cirebon name to a big city to this day.Chakras Prince Sultan Pakungwati Buana then build around year 1430 AD, which is located now in the palace complex Kasepuhan Cirebon.Kasepuhan palace is the grandest and most well preserved palace in Cirebon. Meaning in every corner of the palace architecture was also known for the historic. The front page is a walled palace of red brick and there is a hall therein.This palace has a museum that is complete and contains heirlooms and paintings of the royal collection. One of the trains is a collection of sacred Singa Barong. This train is no longer used and only issued to each one of Shawwal to be bathed.The interior of the palace consists of a main building which is white. In it there is a living room, bedroom and throne.Kasepuhan palace was founded in 1529 by the [[Prince Mas Mochammad Arifin II] (great-grandson of Sunan Gunung Jati) which replaces the throne of Sunan Gunung Jati in 1506. He lives in the palace Great Pakungwati Cirebon. Kraton Kraton Pakungwati Kasepuhan formerly, while the title of Prince Mas Mochammad Arifin Panembahan Pakungwati I. The name comes from the name of the Queen Pakungwati Goddess Pakungwati bint who married Prince Cakrabuana Sunan Gunung Jati. He died in 1549 in the Great Mosque in the Copyright taste very old age. His name is enshrined and venerated by Sunan Gunung Jati lineage as the name Kraton Kraton Kraton Pakungwati now called Kasepuhan.In front of the palace there Kesepuhan square in ancient times called Sangkala Buana square which houses a military exercise held on Saturday or the term at the time was Saptonan. And in this square was formerly held a variety of penalties against any of the people who break the rules like flogging. In the west there is a Masjid Sultan kasepuhan quite magnificent work of the trustees is the Great Mosque Notices taste.Meanwhile, in the east of the plaza that formerly was a market economy - is now a very famous kesepuhan market with pocinya. The model forms palace facing north with building the mosque on the west and east and the market square in the middle is the palace models at that time mainly located in coastal areas. Even now, this model is widely followed by all districts / cities, especially in Java, in front of government buildings are square and to the west there is a mosque.Before entering the gate Kasepuhan palace complex there are two marquee, to the west of the previously called Pancaratna a gathering place for palace courtier, headman or the civil service today is called. While the east is called Pancaniti pavilion which houses the palace when the officers holding military exercises in the square.Entering the palace complex on the left there is a fairly tall building with solid brick walls around it. The building is named Siti Cirebon Inggil or in everyday language is weak duwur the high ground. True to its name this building was very tall and looks like a temple complex at the time of Majapahit. The building was founded in 1529, during the reign of Sheikh Sharif Hidayatullah (Sunan Gunung Jati).In the front yard there Inggil Siti rectangular stone table place to relax. This building is an outbuilding that was made in the 1800s. Siti Inggil has two gate with stylized motifs architect moment Majapahit era. At the north gate called Adi, while in the south called Gate Bull. Below there are bull gate with the inscription Sakala Candra Kuta Bull Bata Tinata which if interpreted was in 1451.saka which is the year of manufacture (1451 Saka = 1529 AD). The north wall of the complex, while Siti Inggil pristine south've never experienced restoration / renovation. On the walls there are complex Siti Inggil plates and porslen-porslen from Europe and the country of China with the year of manufacture 1745 AD In the complex there are 5 Siti Inggil building without walls that has a name and its own function. The main building, located in the center named Malang Semirang with a number of the major pillars that symbolize the 6 pillars of faith and add up the entire pole totaling 20 pieces representing 20 attributes of Allah SWT. This building is where the sultan saw military exercises or see the execution of the sentence. The building to the left of the main building with a number of named Pendawa five pillars five pillars of Islam symbolize fruit. The building is where the bodyguard sultan.Bangunan right of the main building named Semar Tinandu with 2 poles which symbolize Two Sentence Creed. This building is where advisors Sultan / Penghulu. Behind the main building named Mande Pangiring which is where the bridesmaids Sultan, while the building is adjacent to mande pangiring Karasemen Mande, this place is a bridesmaid tetabuhan / gamelan. In the building is still used to ring Gamelan Sekaten (Gong Sekati), the orchestra sounded only 2 times a year ie Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. In addition to 5 buildings without walls are also a kind of stone monument called Linga Yoni which is a symbol of fertility. Linga means the male and female Yoni means. The building is derived from the Hindu culture. And on top of the wall around the complex there are Siti Inggil temple complex barrel for aligning of Siti Inggil this.
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sejarah kota Bandung (parise wong jowo)

Kota Bandung

Asal Usul Nama Kota Bandung

Tahukah Anda asal usul nama kota bandung? Menurut catatan sejarah kata “Bandung” berasal dari kata bendung atau bendungan karena terbendungnya sungai Citarum oleh lava Gunung Tangkuban Perahu yang kemudian membentuk telaga. Namun, menurut mitos masyarakat setempat nama “Bandung” diambil dari sebuah kendaraan air yang terdiri dari dua perahu yang diikat berdampingan yang disebut perahu bandung yang digunakan oleh Bupati Bandung. Kota Bandung merupakan kota metropolitan terbesar di Jawa Barat dan sekaligus menjadi ibu kota provinsi tersebut. Selain itu, kota bandung juga merupakan kota terbesar ketiga di indonesia setelah Jakarta dan Surabaya. Nama lain dari kota Bandung adalah Kota Kembang, dan dahulu juga bandung dikenal dengan Parijs Van Java.

Selain itu kota Bandung juga dikenal sebagai kota belanja, dengan mall dan factory outlet yang banyak tersebar di kota ini. Dan pada tahun 2007, British Council menjadikan kota Bandung sebagai pilot project kota terkreatif se-Asia Timur. Saat ini kota Bandung merupakan salah satu kota tujuan utama pariwisata dan pendidikan. Berikut ini duniabaca.com kutip dari Wikipedia mengenai asal-usul sejarah kota bandung.

Sejarah Asal Usul Kota Bandung
Kata “Bandung” berasal dari kata bendung atau bendungan karena terbendungnya sungai Citarum oleh lava Gunung Tangkuban Perahu yang lalu membentuk telaga. Legenda yang diceritakan oleh orang-orang tua di Bandung mengatakan bahwa nama “Bandung” diambil dari sebuah kendaraan air yang terdiri dari dua perahu yang diikat berdampingan yang disebut perahu bandung yang digunakan oleh Bupati Bandung, R.A. Wiranatakusumah II, untuk melayari Ci Tarum dalam mencari tempat kedudukan kabupaten yang baru untuk menggantikan ibukota yang lama di Dayeuhkolot.
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Kota Bandung mulai dijadikan sebagai kawasan pemukiman sejak pemerintahan kolonial Hindia-Belanda, melalui Gubernur Jenderalnya waktu itu Herman Willem Daendels, mengeluarkan surat keputusan tanggal 25 September 1810 tentang pembangunan sarana dan prasarana untuk kawasan ini. Dikemudian hari peristiwa ini diabadikan sebagai hari jadi kota Bandung.

Kota Bandung secara resmi mendapat status gemeente (kota) dari Gubernur Jenderal J.B. van Heutsz pada tanggal 1 April 1906 dengan luas wilayah waktu itu sekitar 900 ha, dan bertambah menjadi 8.000 ha di tahun 1949, sampai terakhir bertambah menjadi luas wilayah saat ini.

Pada masa perang kemerdekaan, pada 24 Maret 1946, sebagian kota ini di bakar oleh para pejuang kemerdekaan sebagai bagian dalam strategi perang waktu itu. Peristiwa ini dikenal dengan sebutan Bandung Lautan Api dan diabadikan dalam lagu Halo-Halo Bandung. Selain itu kota ini kemudian ditinggalkan oleh sebagian penduduknya yang mengungsi ke daerah lain.

Pada tanggal 18 April 1955 di Gedung Merdeka yang dahulu bernama “Concordia” (Jl. Asia Afrika, sekarang), berseberangan dengan Hotel Savoy Homann, diadakan untuk pertama kalinya Konferensi Asia-Afrika yang kemudian kembali KTT Asia-Afrika 2005 diadakan di kota ini pada 19 April-24 April 2005.

Kependudukan Kota Bandung
Kota Bandung merupakan kota terpadat di Jawa Barat, di mana penduduknya didominasi oleh etnis Sunda, sedangkan etnis Jawa merupakan penduduk minoritas terbesar di kota ini dibandingkan etnis lainnya.

Pertambahan penduduk kota Bandung awalnya berkaitan erat dengan ada sarana transportasi Kereta api yang dibangun sekitar tahun 1880 yang menghubungkan kota ini dengan Jakarta (sebelumnya bernama Batavia). Pada tahun 1941 tercatat sebanyak 226.877 jiwa jumlah penduduk kota ini kemudian setelah peristiwa yang dikenal dengan Long March Siliwangi, penduduk kota ini kembali bertambah dimana pada tahun 1950 tercatat jumlah penduduknya sebanyak 644.475 jiwa.

Pemerintahan Kota Bandung
Dalam administrasi pemerintah daerah, kota Bandung dipimpin oleh walikota. Sejak 2008, penduduk kota ini langsung memilih walikota beserta wakilnya dalam pilkada, sedangkan sebelumnya dipilih oleh anggota DPRD kotanya.

Perwakilan Pemerintahan Kota Bandung
Sesuai konstitusi yang berlaku DPRD kota Bandung merupakan representasi dari perwakilan rakyat, pada Pemilu Legislatif 2004 sebelumnya anggota DPRD kota Bandung berjumlah 45 orang. Sesuai dengan perkembangan dan pertambahan penduduk maka pada Pemilu Legislatif 2009 anggota DPRD kota Bandung bertambah menjadi 50 orang, yang kemudian tersusun atas perwakilan delapan partai, dan terdiri atas 41 lelaki dan 9 perempuan.

Pariwisata dan Budaya Kota Bandung
Sejak dibukanya Jalan Tol Padaleunyi, kota Bandung telah menjadi tujuan utama dalam menikmati liburan akhir pekan terutama dari masyarakat yang berasal dari Jakarta sekitarnya. Selain menjadi kota wisata belanja, kota Bandung juga dikenal dengan sejumlah besar bangunan lama berarsitektur peninggalan Belanda, diantaranya Gedung Sate sekarang berfungsi sebagai kantor pemerintah provinsi Jawa Barat, Gedung Pakuan yang sekarang menjadi tempat tinggal resmi gubernur provinsi Jawa Barat, Gedung Dwi Warna atau Indische Pensioenfonds sekarang digunakan oleh Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia untuk Kantor Wilayah XII Ditjen Pembendaharaan Bandung, Villa Isola sekarang digunakan Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Stasiun Hall atau Stasiun Bandung dan Gedung Kantor Pos Besar Kota Bandung.

Kota Bandung juga memiliki beberapa ruang publik seni seperti museum, gedung pertunjukan dan galeri diantaranya Gedung Merdeka, tempat berlangsungnya Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Asia-Afrika pada tahun 1955, Museum Sri Baduga, yang didirikan pada tahun 1974 dengan menggunakan bangunan lama bekas Kawedanan Tegallega, Museum Geologi Bandung, Museum Wangsit Mandala Siliwangi, Museum Barli, Gedung Yayasan Pusat Kebudayaan, Gedung Indonesia Menggugat dahulunya menjadi tempat Ir. Soekarno menyampaikan pledoinya yang fenomenal (Indonesia Menggugat) pada masa penjajahan Belanda, Taman Budaya Jawa Barat (TBJB) dan Rumentang Siang.

Kota ini memiliki beberapa kawasan yang menjadi taman kota, selain berfungsi sebagai paru-paru kota juga menjadi tempat rekreasi bagi masyarakat di kota ini. Kebun Binatang Bandung merupakan salah satu kawasan wisata yang sangat minati oleh masyarakat terutama pada saat hari minggu maupun libur sekolah, kebun binatang ini diresmikan pada tahun 1933 oleh pemerintah kolonial Hindia-Belanda dan sekarang dikelola oleh Yayasan Margasatwa Tamansari. Selain itu beberapa kawasan wisata lain termasuk pusat perbelanjaan maupun factory outlet juga tersebar di kota ini diantaranya, di kawasan Jalan Braga, kawasan Cihampelas, Cibaduyut dengan pengrajin sepatunya dan Cigondewah dengan pedagang tekstilnya. Puluhan pusat perbelanjaan sudah tersebar di kota Bandung, beberapa di antaranya Istana Plaza Bandung, Bandung Supermal, Cihampelas Walk, Paris Van Java Mall, dan Bandung Indah Plaza.

Sementara beberapa kawasan pasar tradisional yang cukup terkenal di kota ini diantaranya Pasar Baru, Pasar Gedebage dan Pasar Andir. Potensi kuliner khususnya tutug oncom, serabi, pepes, dan colenak juga terus berkembang di kota ini. Selain itu Cireng juga telah menjadi sajian makanan khas Bandung, sementara Peuyeum sejenis tapai yang dibuat dari singkong yang difermentasi, secara luas juga dikenal oleh masyarakat di pulau Jawa.

Kota Bandung dikenal juga dengan kota yang penuh dengan kenangan sejarah perjuangan rakyat Indonesia pada umumnya, beberapa monumen telah didirikan dalam memperingati beberapa peristiwa sejarah tersebut, diantaranya Monumen Perjuangan Jawa Barat, Monumen Bandung Lautan Api, Monumen Penjara Banceuy, Monumen Kereta Api dan Taman Makam Pahlawan Cikutra.

Sejarah asal - usul kota Jakarta

 

Kota Jakarta

Sejarah Kota Jakarta bermula dari sebuah bandar kecil di muara Sungai Ciliwung sekitar 500 tahun silam. Selama berabad-abad kemudian kota bandar ini berkembang menjadi pusat perdagangan internasio-nal yang ramai.

Ulasan  Sejarah

Pengetahuan awal mengenai Jakarta terkumpul sedikit melalui berbagai prasasti yang ditemukan di kawasan bandar tersebut. Keterangan mengenai kota Jakarta sampai dengan awal kedatangan para penjelajah Eropa dapat dikatakan sangat sedikit.

Laporan para penulis Eropa abad ke-16 menyebutkan sebuah kota bernama Kalapa, yang tampaknya menjadi bandar utama bagi sebuah kerajaan Hindu bernama Sunda, beribukota Pajajaran, terletak sekitar 40 kilometer di pedalaman, dekat dengan kota Bogor sekarang. Bangsa Portugis merupakan rombongan besar orang-orang Eropa pertama yang datang ke bandar Kalapa. Kota ini kemudian diserang oleh seorang muda usia, bernama Fatahillah, dari sebuah kerajaan yang berdekatan dengan Kalapa.

Fatahillah mengubah nama Sunda Kalapa menjadi Jayakarta pada 22 Juni 1527. Tanggal inilah yang kini diperingati sebagai hari lahir kota Jakarta. Orang-orang Belanda datang pada akhir abad ke-16 dan kemudian menguasai Jayakarta.

Nama Jayakarta diganti menjadi Batavia. Keadaan alam Batavia yang berawa-rawa mirip dengan negeri Belanda, tanah air mereka. Mereka pun membangun kanal-kanal untuk melindungi Batavia dari ancaman banjir. Kegiatan pemerintahan kota dipusatkan di sekitar lapangan yang terletak sekitar 500 meter dari bandar.

Mereka membangun balai kota yang anggun, yang merupakan kedudukan pusat pemerintahan kota Batavia. Lama-kelamaan kota Batavia berkembang ke arah selatan. Pertumbuhan yang pesat mengakibatkan keadaan lilngkungan cepat rusak, sehingga memaksa penguasa Belanda memindahkan pusat kegiatan pemerintahan ke kawasan yang lebih tinggi letaknya. Wilayah ini dinamakan Weltevreden.

MENGAMATI kota Jakarta bagaikan membaca catatan panjang yang merekam berbagai kejadian masa lalu. Berbagai bangunan dan lingkungan di Jakarta menyimpan jejak-jejak perjalanan masyarakatnya, bagaimana mereka bersikap menghadapi tantangan zamannya, memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya dan menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya. Ia menyimpan suka-duka dan pahit-manisnya perkembangan, di mana kita dapat menyerap pelajaran yang berharga.

Jakarta, Ibukota Republik Indonesia, memiliki banyak rekaman sejarah. Antara lain dalam bentuk bangunan maupun lingkungan. Di dalamnya tercermin upaya masyarakat masa lalu dalam membangun kotanya yang tak luput dari berbagai masalah dari zaman ke zaman.

“Jika kita memandang kota Jakarta sekarang, mungkin sulit terbayang bahwa ribuan tahun yang lalu kawasan ini masih baru terbentuk dari endapan lumpur sungai-sungai yang mengalir ke Jakarta. Misalnya Kali Ciliwung, Kali Angke, Kali Marunda, Kali Cisadane, Kali Besar, Kali Bekasi dan Kali Citarum. Usia dataran Jakarta kini diperkirakan 500 tahun berdasarkan geomorfologi, ilmu lapisan tanah.

Endapan ini membentuk dataran dengan alur-alur sungai yang menyerupai kipas. Dataran ini setelah mantap lama kelamaan dihuni orang dan terbentuklah beberapa kelompok pemukiman, di mana salah satunya kemudian berkembang menjadi pelabuhan besar, " kata Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS, Sejarawan Terkemuka di Dinas Kebudayaan dan Permuseuman Pemda DKI Jakarta.

Ia menuturkan, kota Jakarta merupakan kota yang berkembang dengan cepat sejak mendapat peran sebagai Ibukota Rl. Perkembangan itu disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor sosial, ekonomi dan budaya yang saling menjalin satu sama lain.

Bermula dari sebuah lingkungan pemukiman kecil dengan kegiatan hidup terbatas, dan kemudian berkembang menjadi lingkungan pemukiman megapolitan dengan berbagai kegiatan yang amatkompleks. Dalam paparan sejarah pertumbuhannya, di mana pemerintah kotanya silih berganti dan kondisi masyarakatnya sangat majemuk, baik dari suku bangsa, ras dan agama berikut berbagai aspek kehidupannya, warga kotanya tetap membangun tempat bermukim dan berkehidupan mereka sesuai dengan kemampuan dana, daya dan teknologi yang mereka miliki.

Sejarah Kota Jakarta

Peta Batavia tahun 1897, Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS mengungkapkan sejarah kota Jakarta dimulai dengan terbentuknya sebuah pemukiman di muara Ciliwung. Menurut berita Kerajaan Portugal pada awal abad ke-15, pemukiman tersebut bernama "Kalapa" dan merupakan sebuah Bandar penting di bawah kekuasaan Kerajaan Pajajaran, yang pusatnya pada waktu itu berada di Kota Bogor.

"Di Kerajaan Pajajaran, Bogor, itu kini masih terdapat prasasti peninggalan abad ke-16. Nama prasasti itu "Sato Tulis", peninggalan Rahyang Niskala Watu Kencana, Namun oleh orang Eropa Bandar tersebut lebih dikenal dengan nama Sunda Kalapa, karena berada di bawah kekuasaan Sunda," kata Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS.

Dalam sejarah, ujar Sejarawan Terkemuka Dinas Kebudayaan dan Permuseuman Pemda OKI Jakarta itu, Bandar Malaka ditaklukkan Kerajaan Portugal pada 1511. Tujuan Portugal ketika itu adalah mencari jalur laut untuk mencapai kepulauan Maluku, sumber rempah-rempah. Maka pada 1522 mendaratlah kapal utusan dari Malaka di bawah pimpinan Francesco De Sa.

Menurut laporan Francesco De Sa terjadi perundingan dengan pemuka Bandar Kalapa yang berada di bawah kekuasaan Raja Sunda yang beragama Hindu.

Sementara itu di Jawa Tengan dengan surutnya Kerajaan Majapahit berkembanglah Kerajaan Islam di Demak. Kerajaan Islam itu kemudian menyerang Kerajaan Sunda di Jawa Barat meliputi Cirebon, Banten, Kalapa dan lain-lain. Mengingat kurangnya sumber-sumber asli Jawa Tengah tnengenai peristiwa itu, maka kita terpaksa berpaling kepada berita Kerajaan Portugal yang pada akhirnya tidak saja berlabuh di Maluku tetapi juga Kerajaan Portugal ini merapatdi Timor Timur, menyatakan bahwa pada 1526-1527 sebuah armada Portugal telah mengunjungi Sunda Kalapa untuk memenuni perfanjian tahun 1522.

"Ternyata mereka belum mengetahui bahwa telah terjadi perubahan kekuasaan dari Kerajaan Pajajaran ke Kerajaan Banten, yaltu orang-orang dari Jawa Tengah yang beragama Islam .Ivlenurut berita yang mereka dapat, nama Pangtima yang diberikan adalah Falatehan, sebutan mereka untuk nama Fatahillah," ujar Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS.

Masa Prasejarah

Di beberapa tempat di Jakarta seperti Pasar Minggu, Pasar Rebo, Jatinegara, Karet, Kebayoran, Kebon Sirih, Kebon Nanas, Cawang, Kebon Pala, Rawa Belong, Rawa Lefe, Rawa Bangke, ditemukan benda-benda pra sejarah seperti kapak, beliung, gurdi, dan pahat dari batu. Alat-alat tersebut berasal dari zaman batu atau zaman neolitikum antara tahun 1000 SM. Jadi, pada masa itu sudah ada kehidupan manusia di Jakarta.

"Dan seperti daerah latnnya, di Jakarta juga ditemukan prasasti. Prasasti Tugu ditemukan di Cilineing. Prasasti itu sarat informasi tentang Kerajaan Tarumanegara dengan Raja Purnawarman. Menurut prasasti itu, Jakarta merupakan wilayah Kerajaan Tarumanegara, kerajaan tertua di Puiau Jawa, di samping Bogor, Banten, Bekasi sampai Citarum di sebelah timur dan Giaruten," kata Muhammad isa Ansyari SS.

Kronologis Peristiwa Penting

Pada 686 Masehi. Kerajaan Tarumanegara hancur akibat serangan balatentara Kerajaan Sriwijaya. Abad ke-14, Jakarta masuk ke wilayah Kerajaan Pakuan Pajajaran yang sering disebtit Kerajaan Pajajaran, atau Kerajaan Sunda. Kerajaan Pajajaran memiiiki enam petabuhan, diantaranya pelabuhan Sunda Kalapa. Kota pelabuhan ini terletak di Teluk Jakarta - di muara sungai Citiwung - yang merupakan pusat perdagangan paling penting seiak abad ke-12 hingga ke-16.

Senin, 21 Agustus 1522. Begitu pentingnya, Sunda Kalapa tak luput dari incaran orang-orana Portugis yang sejak tahun 1511 sudah bercokol di daratan Malaka. Keinginan mereka mendapatkan sambutan baik dari Raja Pajajaran. Selain berkepentingan soal perdagangan, Raja Pajajaran juga bermaksud meminta bantuan orang-orang Portugis dalam menghadapi orang-orang Islam, yang sudah banyak pengikutnya di Banten dan Cirebon. Demak, kala itu, sudah menjadi pusat kekuatan dan penyebaran agama Islam.

Perjanjian kerjasama pun ditandatangani antara Raja Pajajaran dan orang Portugis. Isinya orang Portugis ditzinkan mendirikan benteng di Sunda Kalapa, yang ditandai di tepi sungai Ciliwung. Rabu 22 Juni 1527. Perjanjian itu tak dapat diterima Demak, Kerajaan Islam yang saat itu sedang berada di puncak kejayaan.

"Sultan Demak mengirimkan balatentaranya, yang dipimpin sendiri oleh menantunya, Fatahillah. Pasukan Fatahillah berhasil menduduki Sunda Kalapa pada 1527. Tatkala armada Portugal datang, pasukan Fatahillah menghaneurkannya. Sia-sia armada Portugal itu hengkang Ke Malaka," ujar Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS.

Dengan kemenangan itu Fatahillah menggantt nama Sunda Kalapa menjadi Jayakarta. Artinya "Kemenangan Berjaya”. Itulah peristiwa bersejarah yang ditetapkan sebagai 'hari jadl' Kota Jakarta. Kekuasaan Jayakarta akhirnya berada di tangan Fatahillah, dan makin meluas sampai ke Banten menjadi Kerajaan Islam.

Tahun 1595. Cornells de Houtman dan anak buahnya tiba di perairan Banten. Orang-orang Belanda itu datang mencari rempah-rempah. Persaingan di antara mereka makin ketat dibumbui permusuhan.

Rabu 20 Maret 1602 seorang token dan negarawan Kerajaan Belanda, Johati van Oldenbarneveld, mengambil suatu prakarsa mengumpulkan para pedagang Belanda dalam suatu wadah. Berdirilah serikat dagang Verenigde Oost Indische Compaqnie atau VOC. VOC merupakan wadah konglomerat zaman dulu.

Tahun 1617. Orang-orang Kerajaan Belanda diizinkan berdagang di Jayakarta. Mereka memperoleh sebidang tanah di sebelah timur sungai Ciliwung, di perkampungan Cina. Di situ mereka membangun kantor dan benteng. Kubu pertahanan Kerajaan Belanda itu tak disukai orang Jayakarta, Banten maupun Kerajaan Inggris. Mereka kemudian berperang.

Tahun 1619. Terjadi pertempuran sengit segitiga antara Kerajaan Belanda, Kerajaan Inggris dan Kerajaan Portugal di pelabuhan Sunda Kalapa. Suasana Teluk Jayakarta itu sekejab menjadi merah api dan merah darah. Di laut teluk banyak bergelimpangan mayat-mayat serdadu Kerajaan Belanda dan Kerajaan Portugal setelah kedua negara kerajaan itu habis digempur pasukan laut Kerajaan Inggris. Inggris menang dalam perang itu.

Kamis, 30 Mei 1619, JP Goen menaklukkan kembali sekaligus menguasai Jayakarta. Saat itu armada Kerajaan Inggris sudah tidak ada lagi karena telah berangkat berlayar menuju Australia, meninggalkan Jayakarta. Sedang armada (laut Kerajaan Portugal pergi menuju ke wilayah ujung timur Nusantara, tepatnya di Timor Timur.

"Jayakarta pada tahun tersebut memasuki lembaran baru. Nama Jayakarta diubah Kerajaan Belanda menjadi Batavia. Nama Batavia ini berasal dari nama Batavieren, bangsa Eropa yang menjadi nenekmoyang Kerajaan Belanda," tukas Muhammad Isa Ansyari SS.

VOC mula-mula menjadikan Batavia sebagai pusat perdagangan dan pemerintahan. Dengan kepiawaian kompeni lewat intrik dan politik adu domba atau cfewtte et impera terhadap raja-raja di Nusantara. Seluruh wilayah Nusantara dijarahnya. Kejayaannya pun berlangsung cukup lama.

Tahun 1798. VOC jatuh dan dibubarkan. Kekuasaan, harta benda dan utangnya yartg 134,7 juta gulden diambil alih Pemerintahan Kerajaan Belanda. Rabu, 1 Januari 1800, Indonesia sejak itu diperintah langsung oleh Pemerintah Kerajaan Belanda. Suatu majelis untuk urusan jajahan Asia lalu didirikan.

Namun, awal Maret 1942, Kerajaan Jepang merebut kekuasaan dari Kerajaan Belanda pada Perang Dunia ke-2. Nama Batavia dikubur balatentara Kerajaan Jepang. Dan, nama Jakarta menggantikannya sampai sekarang.

Asal Mula Nama Yogyakarta

"JOGJAKARTA" Nama kota Yogyakarta memiliki sejarah yang panjang. Dimulai dari sejarah alas Paberingan yang pertama kali dimanfaatkan oleh Panembahan Hanyakrawati (RM Jolang) raja kedua Mataram II (1601-1613) yang menggantikan Panembahan Senopati Ing Ngalaga (1586-1601) dan kemudian menjadi kawasan yang selalu terpilih dan muncul melalui wisik yang diterima oleh beberapa raja-raja Mataram berikutnya. Kata Yogyakarta sendiri merupakan pergeseran lafal (pengucapan) dari kata bahasa Jawa Ngayogyakarta, bentukan dari dua kata ngayogya dan karta. Kata ngayogya dari kata dasar yogya artinya pantas, baik. Ngayogya artinya menuju cita-cita yang baik dan karta artinya aman, sejahtera. Ngayogyakarta artinya mencapai kesejahteraan (bagi negeri dan rakyatnya). Nama tersebut bukan diciptakan oleh pendiri Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat yakni Pangeran Mangkubumi (Sultan Hamengku Buwono I), tetapi telah dicita-citakan kurang lebih 37 tahun sebelumnya oleh paman buyutnya, yakni Paku Buwana I (Pangeran Puger, adik Amangkurat I), raja ke-2 Keraton Kartasura. Situs pusat keraton Mataram II yang pertama terletak di Ngeksigondo yang masih dapat kita saksikan sisa-sisa bangunan terbuat dari bata dan nama-nama kawasan yang hingga kini tetap digunakan seperti Banguntapan, Kanoman, Gedong Kuning, Gedong Kiwa, Gedong Tengen, bekas Pemandian Warungbata, Winong, Sar Gedhe (jadi Kota Gede), Kompleks Makam Senopaten dan sebagainya yang tersebar sejak 1 kilometer sebelah utara hingga selatan Kota Gede. Dan alas Paberingan yang terletak sekitar 5 kilometer sebelah barat Ngeksigondo, pada masa pemerintahan Panembahan Hanyakrawati telah dibangun menjadi hutan rekreasi raja berpagar keliling bambu (krapyak) untuk perburuan kijang, dinamakan alas Krapyak. Di situ pula Hanyakrawati terluka parah hingga akhirnya wafat, dibunuh oleh pejabat istananya sendiri Pangeran Wiramenggala (Kyai Ageng Bengkung). Atas peristiwa itulah Hanyakrawati dikenal sebagai Panembahan Seda Krapyak. Konon menjelang akhir pemerintahan Sunan Amangkurat I -Tegal Arum (1646-1677) mendapat wisik bahwa alas Paberingan kejatuhan wahyu keraton. Sehingga ia bermaksud memindahkan keraton Ngeksigondo ke hutan tersebut, telah dimulai dengan membangun betengnya. Calon keraton itu akan dinamakan Garjitawati yang berarti osiking raos ingkang sejatos (kata hati yang murni). Rencana itu tidak berlanjut sebab Keraton Mataram keburu direbut Pemberontak Trunojoyo yang didukung rakyat, menentang Amangkurat I yang mengakui kedaulatan Kumpeni dan bertindak kejam membantai 6.000 Santri Giri dan juga kerabat dekatnya sendiri. Dengan bantuan pasukan Banyumas dan Bagelen/Kebumen pemberontakan Trunojoyo dapat ditumpas dan Amangkurat Jawa (P Anom Amral) bertahta bergelar Amangkurat II-Amral (1677-1678). Kotaraja yang rusak dipindah ke Kreta (yang artinya aman, sejahtera). Pada tahun 1703 Amangkurat III-Sunan Mas memindahkan Kotaraja ke Kartasura (1703-1704). Pada masa pemerintahannya Sunan Paku Buwana I (P Puger, 1704-1719) bermaksud melanjutkan cita-cita Amangkurat I membangun kembali calon kraton Garjitawati dan akan dinamakannya Ngayogyakarta. Namun sebelum niat itu terlaksana, PB I keburu wafat, digantikan Amangkurat IV (1719-1727). Penggantinya, Paku Buwana II memindahkan keraton Kartasura ke Surakarta (1745-1749) setelah Pemberontakan Pacina ditumpas Kawasan alas Paberingan dibangun menjadi Kadipaten Mataram di bawah T Jayawinata. Pada tahun 1746 P Mangkubumi diberi mandat PB II untuk meneruskan keberadaan keraton Jawa sebab Surakarta akan menjadi milik Kumpeni sesuai Perjanjian Panaraga. Pada tahun ketiga Pemberontakan Mangkubumen, dalam suatu pertempuran melawan pasukan gabungan Surakarta-Kumpeni, P Mangkubumi terdesak hingga lereng Gunung Merapi, namun atas kegigihan senapati andalannya, T Rangga Wirasetika, akhirnya dapat merebut Kadipaten Mataram. T Jayawinata takluk dan menjadi pengikutnya. P Mangkubumi tinggal beberapa lama di Kadipaten itu, dan ketika diserang oleh pasukan Surakarta-Kumpeni, sebelum meninggalkan Mataram seluruh kadipaten seisinya dihan-curkan terlebih dahulu agar tidak dimanfaatkan oleh kekuasaan Surakarta-Kumpeni Cita-cita Paku Buwana I itu akhirnya bisa diwujudkan oleh P Mangkubumi (Sultan Hamengku Buwana I) pada tahun 1756, setahun setelah Perjanjian Giyanti ditandatangani (1755). Alas Paberingan dibangun secara bertahap menjadi kompleks keraton dan dinamakannya Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, lengkap dengan segala taman-tamannya seperti Taman Sari, Kali Larangan untuk mengisi Segaran dengan Pulau Kenanga di tengahnya yang dinamakan Yasa Kambang, dan Panggung Krayak di luar benteng keraton seperti yang kita saksikan sekarang. Arsitek yang ditugasi membangun adalah T Mangundipura.

Beginning Solo (Surakarta)

Solo, or Surakarta, is the name of a town in Central Java province, Indonesia. It is located on a strategic path, the path of the direction that brings Jakarta to Surabaya or Bali, from the direction of Semarang and Yogyakarta to Surabaya and Bali, or vice versa.

The city's history began when the kingdom (Kraton) Kartasuro has suffered severe damage due to the war between the king (Sunan Pakubuana / PB II) and Sunan Yellow (1742). Thanks to the help of VOC, PB II can retake the palace Kartasura. Of course, such assistance is not free but at the expense of some heritage areas Mataram to be given to VOC.

Besides it has also resulted in the destruction of the rebellion palace buildings. The destruction of the palace buildings assessed have eliminated the magic palace because the rebels had entered into the palace, so as to affect the prestige and authority of the kingdom, therefore it is not right that continues to maintain Kartasuro palace as the seat of government or capital of the kingdom of Mataram.

Starting from there, the PB II narapraja appoint some of them: Tumenggung Honggowongso, Pringgoloyo Duke, Duke Sindurejo, Tumenggung Mangkuyudo, Tumenggung Pusponegoro, Ngabei Yosodipuro, Mayoor Hogengdarp, which is then coupled with Prince Wijil, Tumenggung Tirtiwigunio, Kyai Caliph Buyut and Penggulu Fekih Ibrahim, to find a place that would serve as a center pemeritahan kingdom.

After making odyssey to various places, the narapraja eventually found three places or villages namely Kadipala, Sala village, and the village of Sana Sewu, which could serve as the center of the new government. After negotiations, the village of Sala finally chosen for submission to Sunan PB II as the center of the new palace of Mataram. Sala village which is located about 10 Km east of the city Kartasuro.

Majesty approved the proposal, which later by the King Sunan Paku Buana II named Surakarta Sultanate. On Wednesday the 17th of Shura in 1670 or February 17, 1745, move the king Sunan Paku Buana II of Kartasuro to Surakarta Sultanate, the transfer is carried out with a massive procession. So since then capital of Mataram Kingdom moved from Kartasuro to Surakarta Sultanate. The event is then used as the basis for the birth of the city of Solo.

From the village of Sala is the administrative center of the Mataram kingdom is run and controlled. Referred to as the village of Sala, because in the village there lived a wise community leader named Kyai SALA. Besides this village too swampy and filled with Sala trees are trees or indigo tom, but there is also a mention similar sala tree pine trees.

Although originally named Sala (use letters a), but in its development, change and more familiarly called Solo (use the letter o), this occurs because an error occurred in the name of the Dutch city because they are not as flexible as the tongue is the tongue of Indonesia. Since then then not only foreigners, but also the people of Indonesia was called by SOLO. The mention of this was easier pronounced, digestible and has a deeper meaning than the typical official name.

Name Surakarta Sultanate became overshadowed as compared to Solo because of his name-giver, Pakubuwono II, who was pro-colonial. Surakarta menceriminkan then considered the nature of power, the capitalist-colonial, while reflecting the spirit of the popular Solo (rooted tree as the origin of its name from Sala) and give keteduan, keayoman the people (foliage).

For the Solo, the name issue is not a significant problem. The issue appears only among academic intellectuals only. For the people of Solo, Surakarta name was accepted as a form of respect and appreciation to the PB II, which was the forerunner, regardless of the pro colonial and others.
Thus both the name of Surakarta or Solo both will always be present, reflecting the relationship of mutual respect between leaders and people. Leaders must always rooted and his people and had to run leadership mandate for the greatest welfare of the people. Therefore, the popularity behind the name Solo, Sala recalled the tree that will always rooted and populist.

Medan History

At first, the open field is Professor Patimpus settlement, its location in the Land Deli, since colonial times people always weave Medan Deli (Medan-Deli). After a long run time of independence Medan Deli term gradually disappeared and eventually less popular.
Formerly named the Land Deli from the Snake River (Deli Serdang) to Wampu River Deli Sultanate in Langkat while in power at that time did not include local authority area between the two rivers.
Overall Deli soil types in the area consists of clay, sand, soil mix, black soil, brown soil and red soil. This is a study of Van Hissink in 1900, followed by Vriens study in 1910 that in addition to the types of soil like that no longer met the specific types of clay. Clay is in place at the time of Dutch rule named Bakaran Stone (now the East Field or Menteng) people burn high quality brick and one brick factory at the time it was Deli Klei.
Regarding rainfall in the Land Deli classified two types: Main Maksima and Maksima Supplement. Main maxima occur in the months of October s / d in December was between January Maksima Additional s / d September. Specifically rainfall in Medan average 2000 per year with an average intensity of 4.4 mm / h.
According to Volker Medan in 1860 is still a jungle here and there-especially dimuara estuaries interspersed settlements of people from the Karo and the Malayan peninsula. In 1863 the Dutch began to open a tobacco plantation in Deli which was the star Land Deli. Since then, the economy continues to grow so that field into the center of town government and the economy in North Sumatra.
At the beginning of its development is a small village called "Field Princess". The development of Kampung Medan "Princess" is inseparable from its strategic position as it is located at the confluence of rivers and streams Deli Babura, not far from the Princess Green now. Both of these rivers is the ancient trade traffic pretty crowded, thus Kampung Medan "Princess" which was the forerunner of Medan, rapidly developed into an important transit port.
More and more people come to this village and wife Patimpus teacher who founded the village Medan birth of the first child of a male and named the Kolok. Livelihood of people in Kampung Medan which they named with the Ten two Kuta is farming planting pepper. Not long after the second child born Guru Patimpus and even this young man named the Kecik.
In his Master Patimpus minded person is considered advanced. This is proven by having her sit (to study) read the Qur'an to Datuk City Build and then deepen the religion of Islam to Aceh.
The information confirms that the Kampung Medan is a description of H. Muhammad Said quoting through books Deli: In Woord en styl written by N. ten Cate. The statement said that the Kampung Medan yore is a fortress, and the rest are still there wall consists of two layers of shaped roundabout dipertemuan contained between two rivers namely River Deli and Babura rivers. Administrates home located across the river from the village of Medan. If we see that the location of the Kampung Medan is in the guesthouse and the fort now houses the office administrates is Tobacco PTP IX Deli is now.Conquest Aceh
Approximately in 1612 after two decades of standing Kampung Medan, Sultan Iskandar Muda Sultanate's ruling sent a commander named Gocah hero Admiral Horse Bintan title to be a leader who represents the kingdom of Aceh Land Deli. Gocah Heroes opening new land in Sungai Lalang, Percut. As Mayor and Deputy Sultan of Aceh and Aceh empire by utilizing oversized, Gocah Heroes managed to expand his realm, to include sub Percut Sei Tuan and District Medan Deli now. He also founded the villages of Mount Klarus, Sampali, City Build, Brayan Island, Java City, Town and Sigara Rengas Percut-gara.
With the appearance of the hero Gocah start growing kingdom Deli and in 1632 married the daughter of Heroes Gocah Sunggal Datuk title "Sri Indra Baiduzzaman Surbakti". After the marriage of kings in Kampung Medan succumbed Gocah Heroes.
Gocah hero died in 1653 and was succeeded by his son Tuangku Perunggit Commander, who then proclaimed the independence of the Sultanate of Deli Sultanate in 1669, with its capital in Labuan, about 20 km from Medan.

Netherlands Period
Dutch colonized the archipelago approximately three and a half centuries yet to master the Land Deli them very much under challenge is not small. They experienced the war in Java Diponegoro circa 1825-1830. Netherlands is very much a loss while to master Sumatra, the Dutch war against Aceh, Minangkabau, and Sisingamangaraja XII Tapanuli.
So to master the Dutch Land Deli just over 78 years starting from the year 1864 to 1942. After the war ended then Java Governor General Johannes van den Bosch Dutch troops deployed to Sumatra, and he expected to master the whole of Sumatra takes 25 years. Dutch conquest on Sumatra is stopped in the middle of the road because the Dutch Colonial Minister Jean Chrétien Baud then send back the Dutch in Sumatra, although they have beaten Minangkabau known as Padri War (1821-1837).
Sultan Ismail ruling Riau suddenly attacked by a mob boss named Britain with Adam Wilson. Since at that time the Sultan Ismail limited powers seek refuge in the Netherlands. Since then there is an opportunity for the Dutch to dominate the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura the king is Sultan Ismail. On February 1, 1858 Netherlands Sultan Ismail urged to sign the agreement so that the area conquered the kingdom of Siak Sri Indrapura including Deli, Langkat and Serdang entered the Dutch East Sumatra. Since the area has entered the Dutch Deli otomatislah Kampung Medan a colony of the Netherlands, but the Dutch have a physical presence mastered Land Deli.
In 1858 Elisa also appointed Resident Netscher Riau region and since then also he made himself a defender of the ruling Sultan Ismail Siak kingdom. Netscher's goal is to seat him as a defender of Sultan Ismail political course will be easy for Netscher ruled the Siak Sultanate conquered the Deli which includes Kampung Medan Putri.

Tobacco Plantations
Medan did not experience rapid growth until the 1860s, when the Dutch authorities began to free the land for tobacco plantations. Jacob Nienhuys, Van der Falk, and Elliot, a Dutch tobacco traders pioneered the opening of the tobacco plantation in the Land Deli. Previously Nienhuys tobacco business in Java, moved to Surabaya Deli invited an Arab named Abdullah Said Bilsagih, brother in-law Sultan Deli, Deli Mahmud Perkasa Alam. Nienhuys first tobacco farm on land owned by the Sultan of Deli of 4000 in the Cape Shoulder Spassi, near Labuhan. March 1864, the tobacco example Nienhuys send their garden to Rotterdam, Netherlands to test its quality. Apparently, the tobacco leaves are considered of high quality material for cigars. European Deli Melambunglah name as a producer of the best cigar wrappers.
As written by Tengku Luckman Rays in his book, explained that "the plantation coolies Chinese people are generally imported from Java, China, Singapore, or Malaysia." Dutch treat those Karo and Malays are lazy and fight so can not be used as porters "
The rapid development of Kampung Medan "Princess", is also not free from tobacco that is very popular with Delinya tobacco, which is tobacco for cigar wrappers. In 1863, Sultan Deli gave to Jacob Nienhuys, Van der Falk and Elliot from the firm Van Keeuwen en Mainz & Co., the land of 4000 shoulder (1 shoulder = 0.74 ha) in erfpacht 20 years in Cape Sepassi, near Labuhan. Examples of tobacco deli. March 1864, an example of the crop shipped to Rotterdam in the Netherlands, to test its quality. It turns tobacco leaves are very good and of high quality for wrapping cigars.
Dutch tobacco treaty signed by the Sultan of Deli in 1865. After two years, Nienhuys with Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, and Cremer established company De Deli Maatschappij abbreviated Deli Mij in Labuan. In 1869, the headquarters moved Nienhuys Deli Mij from Labuan to the Kampung Medan. The new office was built on the riverbank Deli, precisely at the office PTPN II (ex PTPN IX) now. With the transfer of the office, Medan quickly became a center of government and commerce activities, as well as being the most dominate developments in western Indonesia. The rapid development of the economy changed Deli became the center of trade with the nickname het dollar mahsyur land aka land of money. They then open up new plantations in areas Martubung, Sunggal in 1869, as well as river and Klumpang Rice in 1875.

Later in 1866, Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, Cremer and Deli Maatschappij Nienhuys established in Labuan. Then the expansion of new plantations in areas Martubung, Sunggal (1869), Rice and Klumpang River (1875), the total amount to 22 oil companies in 1874. Considering the tobacco trade is already very broad and growing, Nienhuys move their corporate offices to Labuhan Kampung Medan "Princess". Thus the "Kampung Medan Daughter" becomes increasingly crowded and then developed with a name better known as "the city of Medan".
The development of a center of trade Medan daughter had pushed into the center of government. In 1879, the capital was moved from Resident Assistant Deli Labuhan to Medan, March 1, 1887, Resident of East Sumatra capital was moved also from Bengkalis to Medan, Deli Sultanate Palace which was originally located in Kampung Bahari (Labuan) also moved with the completion of the construction of the Palace on the 18th Maimoon May 1891, and thus capital Deli has been officially moved to Medan.
In 1915 Residency of East Sumatra improved his position to Gubernemen. In 1918 Medan officially became the Gemeente (Township) with Mayor Daniel Baron Mackay. Based on the "Acte van Schenking" (Deed of Grant) No. 97 Notary JM de-Hondt Junior, dated November 30, 1918, the Sultan of Deli relinquish land to the Gemeente Medan Medan, thus officially became the territory under direct rule of the Dutch East Indies. At the beginning of this township, Medan is composed of four villages, namely Kesawan Kampung, Kampung Rengas River, Petisah Kampung Kampung Hulu and Downstream Petisah.
In 1918 the population was recorded as 43,826 souls field comprising 409 people from Europe, Indonesia 35 009 people, 8269 China Eastern and other foreign people 139 people.
Since then the city of Medan growing more rapidly. Various facilities are built. Some of these include the Office of Experiment Stations AVROS in Kampung Baru (1919), now RISPA, relationships Railway Base Brandan - Besitang (1919), the American Consulate (1919), School Teacher Indonesia on Jl. H.M. Yamin now (1923), Weekly Soematra (1924), Association of Pool Field (1924), Central Market, RS Elizabeth Hospital Eye Clinic and Sports Ground Flower (1929).
Historically the development of the city of Medan, since its inception has been positioned at the center of trade (export-import) since past. 'm maketh field as deli capital of Medan has also evolved into a center of government. to date on the side is one area of ​​the city, as well as well as the capital of North Sumatra Province.

The period of Japanese rule
In 1942 the Dutch colonization that ended in Sumatra when the Japanese landed in several areas such as Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra in Japan landed in East Sumatra.
Japanese troops landed on Sumatra is a soldier based at Shonanto XXV better known by the name of Singapore, they landed precisely 11 pm on March 12, 1942. This force consisted of the Empire to the Garda Division-2 coupled with the 18th Division led by Letjend. Nishimura. There are four landing sites is that they are Sabang, Ulele, Kuala Bugak (near Peureulak, East Aceh now) and Tanjung oysters (the Coal now).
Japanese troops landed at the Cape of oysters is coming into the city of Medan, they boarded the bikes that they bought from the people around him in barter. Their slogan that they are helping people of Asia because they are old brother Asian people so they dieluelukan his arrival.
When the transfer of power to the Japanese city of Medan Dutch chaotic, indigenous people use this opportunity to take revenge against the Netherlands. The situation was soon issued by the Japanese army to deploy troops called Kempeitai (Japanese Military Police). With the inclusion of Japan in the city of Medan circumstances soon changed primarily civilian government which the Dutch called gemeentebestuur by Japan dirobah into Medan Sico (Municipal Government). Who served the civil administration at the Municipality of the city of Medan when it is up to the end of Japanese rule named Hoyasakhi. For the level of residency in East Sumatra as heterogeneous society called Syucokan when it held by T.Nakashima, assistant resident called Gunseibu.
Japanese occupation more rampant in Medan they make more poor people, because they think the conditions so easily master the entire archipelago, the slogan is the motto of his old course. East of the city of Medan Kengrohositai Marindal now built a kind of collective farms. In the area of ​​Medan Johor Yellow Titi now not far from the airport Polonia now they are building a foundation of military aircraft.
Period of Independence
Everywhere across Indonesia by the year 1945 resonates as well in preparation Proclamation Medan did not miss youth leaders conduct a variety of preparations. They heard that the atomic bomb hit Hiroshima City has fallen, the Japanese force was paralyzed. While the desire to return to the allied forces occupied Indonesia.
Especially in the city of Medan and surrounding areas, as Japanese authorities realized his defeat immediately cease all their activities, especially those related to youth development and deployment. What they had been doing to recruit youths as Heiho mass, Romusha, Gyu Gun and Talapeta they disband or return to the community. The activity formally dissolved on August 20, 1945 as the day it was also ruler of Japan in East Sumatra called Tetsuzo Nakashima announced the defeat of Japan. He also said that the task force occupying their dibekas to maintain the status quo before handed over to the allied forces. Most members of the former army Heiho, Romusha, Talapeta and exercise Gyu Gun confused because they are trapped in lives where they are only given a limited pocket money, so they look brown uniform passing by in the city.
Some youth leaders see it as taking the initiative to address them. Especially Gyu Gun former officer Lt. Achmad Tahir include establishing a committee to address the former Heiho, Romusha the family / relatives not in the city of Medan. The committee named "Committee for Unemployment Ex-Gyu Gun Helpers" who is based in Jl. 17 palaces (now Youth Building).
Dated August 17, 1945 the echo of independence has reached Medan city even though with somewhat stilted because of the circumstances at the time the communication is very simple. Japanese news agency "Domei" existing representative in Medan, but they do not want to broadcast the news of independence, as a result people more confused.
A small group of allied soldiers rather dated 1 September 1945 led by Lieutenant Seaman Brondgeest I arrived in the city of Medan and is based in De Boer (now a Hotel Dharma Deli). His job is to prepare the takeover of Japan. In the meantime also the Dutch army led by Westerling accompanied liaison officer named Major Yacobs ally and lieutenant Brondgeest successfully established the Dutch police to the area of ​​East Sumatra members drawn from former KNIL and Japanese police are pro-Dutch.
Finally the tortuous journey of the youth held a variety of actions that must be upheld regardless of independence in Indonesia as well as in the city of Medan were a part. They are Ahmad Tahir, Amir Bachrum Nasution, Edisaputra, Rustam Efendy, Ghazali Ibrahim, Roos Lila, A.malik Munir, Bahrum Djamil, Marzuki Lubis and Muhammad Kasim Jusni.The 1990s and 2000s
In 1998, from 1 to 12 May, the troubled field that became the starting point of the riots that followed throughout Indonesia, including the May 1998 incident in Jakarta a week later. In unrest related to the movement of "Reform" is, arson, vandalism, and looting can not be stopped by security forces.
Tragedies on the duration until the riots in May 1998 during the tanggl May 12 until now because it can not work office and education again ahead of his time during the public holiday will rise from the mass media, while Polonia International Airport from all open 24-hours a day, On May 21, promptly at 2:00 pm as a public holiday are already closing ceremony of the airport has stopped all gathered to move to Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia is the capital of the country) that does not come back again residence and airport of the aircraft belonging to the Flight Malaysia Airlines Flight Airbus A330 arriving into Kuala Lumpur International Airport (formerly Airport Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah) from the Subang Jaya, Petaling City, State Chart Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia Region, Country Malaysia.
Currently the city of Medan has beamed back. Construction of public facilities and infrastructure intensively conducted. Although the number of roads were damaged, hollow still there, but compared to before, is greatly decreased. [Citation needed] classical constraint faced by modern cities such as Medan is the bottleneck due to the rapidly increasing number of vehicles in a matter of months, not able to offset the increase in adequate roads.
sumber : wikipedia

Origin - The proposal Reog Ponorogo

Reog is one of the cultural arts that originated from East Java and the northwest Ponorogo Reog regarded as the true home town. Ponorogo city gate was decorated by warok and gemblak figure, two figures who have appeared at the time reog performed. Reog Ponorogo itself as a cultural icon Ponorogo pride. No one knows for sure what the word 'reog' it. There are bependapat that 'reog' comes from the Javanese word 'Reyog', which is sometimes experienced reps to 'rèyag-Reyog'. In the Java language, 'Reyog' and 'rèyag-Reyog', something swinging or moving sideways alternately to each side. Relationship word 'Reyog' the Reog Ponorogo, nestled on the motion Barongan 'Dhadhak peacock' when played. 'Dhadhak peacock' in the form of a tiger's head under a peacock which is developing the beauty of its tail. Being 'Dhadhak peacock' when played is very attractive, with a nimble and agile movements darting. Well, from the movement of 'Dhadhak peacock' and grabbed a flicker here and there that's likely Reog Ponorogo name originated. Reog usually performed in several events such as weddings, circumcisions and National holidays. Art Reog Ponorogo consists of several series of 2 to 3 dances opening. The first dance is usually performed by 6-8 brave men dressed all in black, with faces painted red. The dancers depict the figure of a brave lion. Next is a dance performed by a 6-8 girl ride a horse. In reog Traditionally, dancers are usually played by male dancers who dressed women. This dance is called the dance lesson braid, which must be distinguished from other dances that lumping horse dance. Other opening dance if there is usually a dance by a little boy who brought the funny scenes. Conclusion Indonesia has a diverse art and culture that spread across the country, where each region has a unique traditional culture and art, as of Ponorogo Reog Ponorogo regency. In public life, is used as a binder Reog Ponorogo social interaction, procession of the bride at weddings, as well as a means of criticism tourism asset for the rulers. Therefore, we must maintain its sustainability because now people are starting to forget a lot of the cultural traditions of Indonesia. People are more proud of a foreign culture than the culture itself. Even our culture too stout claimed by foreign nations Reog Ponorogo one of which is claimed by Malaysia. Though Reog an indigenous Indonesian culture. So who else should maintain a culture of the country, if not we as young people have moved to preserve the culture.

 sumber : wikipedia ponorogo.com

Origin of Kendal Town

Kendal is a well-known city in Central Java Province. This area besides Blora also is a very important time in the Islamic kingdom of Mataram kingdom of Majapahit era because of its position adjacent to the beach and make it as a port city. The city is also a pretty old town even older than the city Blora. The story is like this, at that time most of the population of Java has embraced Islam. Majapahit kingdom is actually still there, but the prestige was declining due to the civil war and the entry of Islam to the Land Jawa.Ditambah again the Portuguese were slowly-slowly began to establish trade links with the north coast of Banten. While Kendal alone population is still largely Hindu Majapahit due to the influence of the ruling duke then, MPU Pakuwojo. He was duke of Majapahit remaining and Hindus. Because of the influence of Islam is very broad due to the establishment of the kingdom of Demak was founded by Raden Patah who is also a native son of Majapahit. Adipic-duke many others who defected from the Majapahit and Demak and join Islam. As a result, the Majapahit Empire increasingly diminished. And around the beginning of the 16th century war between Majapahit and Demak as Raden Fracture is also the son of Majapahit in the war as commander and faced none other than his own brother. When it was originally balanced position suddenly turned 180 degrees due membelotnya brother Raden Patah it. And finally the end of the Majapahit be conquered once for 3 centuries Majapahit era (1284-1501) Back to Kendal. Pakuwojo MPU is a Hindu bergari-hard. He was strongly opposed to the presence of Islam in Kendal. Even when caught there Kendal residents who embraced Islam he would punish him. Initially, comes a powerful cleric named Sunan Katong bemaksud realize Pakuwojo MPU. Sunan Katong itself used to be an ascetic Hindu holy. But he eventually converted to Islam. And when Sunan Katong intends to spread Islam in Kendal, MPU Pakuwojo obviously deeply opposed and challenged Sunan Katong for magic collide. Since MPU Pakuwojo began issuing magic dagger to beat Sunan Katong and finally, Sunan Katong had collided with MPU Pakuwojo magic. But Pakuwojo defeat so he ran away. And continue being chased by Sunan Katong and his students. And was so fatigue MPU Pakuwojo hiding in the tree there was a hole like a cave underneath. He thought no one knew he was hiding there. However, fate determines that the MPU Pakuwojo caught also by Sunan Katong. And finally gave up and went MPU Pakuwojo Islam on condition of violence and coercion. Finally Sunan Katong said "The tree trunk is aware Pakuwojo MPU and converted to Islam that I have given the name of the village of Kendal. Kendal means opening the way or opening of consciousness" Kendal eventually became the city forward until there is a national hero named KH. Ahmad Rifai. He was born in the village Kaliwungu, Kendal. He fought in a non-physical. But because he has a lot of followers that are considered dangerous because he was arrested and exiled to Ambon by the Dutch government. He died there in 1859. That story about the origin usuk Kendal Town. We are sorry if there are errors. Thank you Read more: http://musuhbersama.blogspot.com/2010/06/asal-usul-kota-kendal.html # ixzz2MClgzb3r